HIV-1 Nef Down-Modulates C-C and C-X-C Chemokine Receptors via Ubiquitin and Ubiquitin-Independent Mechanism

HIV-1 Nef Down-Modulates C-C and C-X-C Chemokine Receptors via Ubiquitin and Ubiquitin-Independent Mechanism

Human and Simian Immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1, HIV-2, and SIV) encode an accessory protein, Nef, which is a pathogenesis and virulence factor. Nef is a multivalent adapter that dysregulates the trafficking of many immune cell receptors, including chemokine receptors (CKRs). Physiological endocytic itinerary of agonist occupied CXCR4 involves ubiquitinylation of the phosphorylated receptor at t...

Ubiquitin binding modulates IAP antagonist-stimulated proteasomal degradation of c-IAP1 and c-IAP2(1).

A family of anti-apoptotic regulators known as IAP (inhibitor of apoptosis) proteins interact with multiple cellular partners and inhibit apoptosis induced by a variety of stimuli. c-IAP (cellular IAP) 1 and 2 are recruited to TNFR1 (tumour necrosis factor receptor 1)-associated signalling complexes, where they mediate receptor-induced NF-kappaB (nuclear factor kappaB) activation. Additionally,...

UBE 2 C ( ubiquitin - conjugating enzyme E 2 C )

CCR1 (chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 1)

Note CCR1, a member of the beta chemokine receptor family, is a seven transmembrane protein similar to G protein-coupled receptors. CCR1 is the first human CC chemokine receptor to be identified at the cDNA level. It has a functional viral homolog, US28, which is a human cytomegalovirus.The ligands of this receptor include macrophage inflammatory protein 1 alpha (MIP-1 alpha), regulated on acti...

Role of C-X-C chemokine ligand 12/C-X-C chemokine receptor 4 in the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma.

The efficacy of the current non-surgical treatments for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains limited and novel treatments are required to improve patient outcomes. The majority of HCCs develop from chronically damaged tissue that contains a high degree of inflammation and fibrosis, which promotes tumor progression and resistance to therapy. Understanding the interaction between strom...